Saturday Night Genealogy Fun -- Your Ancestors in the 1930s Great Depression

 Calling all Genea-Musings Fans: 

 It's Saturday Night again - 

time for some more Genealogy Fun!!

Here is your assignment if you choose to play along (cue the Mission Impossible music, please!):

1)  What did your ancestral families do during the Great Depression (1930-1940)? Did they keep their jobs and standard of living?  Did they suffer personally or economically?

2)  Share your information about your ancestors in the Great Depression in your own blog post, writing a comment on this blog post, or put it in a Substack post, Facebook Note, or some other social media system.  Please leave a comment on this post so others can find it.

NOTE:  I could use ideas for different SNGF topics.  Please email me (randy.seaver@gmail.com).

Thank you to Marian B. Wood for this week's SNGF challenge topic.

Here's mine:

1)  My patenral grandparents, Frederick Walton and Alma Bessie (Richmond) Seaver resided in Leominster, Massachusetts during the 1930s. They had two sons and two daughters at home, and both sons went to college in the early 1930s.  Fred's job changed and he took a pay cut, and they lost their house in Leominster and had to move into rental housing.  My biography for Fred notes:

The 1930 census captures the family at a moment of relative stability: Fred owned a home worth $5,000, complete with that modern marvel, a radio set. His daughter Ruth, at 22, was teaching in a public school, while Frederick Jr. and Edward were 18 and 16 respectively, and young Geraldine was still in school at age 12.

However, the Great Depression soon shattered this comfortable existence. Fred took a substantial pay cut at DuPont, and the bank foreclosed on the Hall Street house mortgage. The proud homeowner and factory superintendent was forced to move his family into an apartment on West Street in downtown Leominster, and eventually to an apartment at 90 Main Street. This reversal of fortune must have been particularly difficult for a man who had worked his way up from comb painter to factory superintendent.   

My father, Frederick Walton Seaver Jr., went to Dartmouth College for a year in 1931, dropped out because of a football injury and the family finances, and came back to Leominster and worked at odd jobs and eventually as an investigator for a bank and finance company. He may have lived with friends in the mid-1930s, and lived with his sister Ruth and her family for awhile in the 1940 time. 

2)  My maternal grandparents, Lyle and Emily (Auble) Carringer resided in San Diego at 2130 Fern Street during the 1930s.  They had one daughter, my mother Betty, at home, and Emily's mother, Georgianna (Kemp) Auble, lived with them.  Lyle's job as an accountant continued at Marston's Department Store, and they did not suffer significant financial setbacks.

My mother, Betty Carringer attended San Diego High School and then San Diego State College from 1936 to 1940 and became a teacher.

3)  Lyle's parents, Henry Austin and Della (Smith) Carringer resided in San Diego at 2115 30th Street. Austin retired from his job at the North Island Naval Air Station in 1932 at age 79, but they had apartment house rentals that provided sufficient income for them. 

                           =============================================

The URL for this post is:  https://www.geneamusings.com/2026/05/saturday-night-genealogy-fun-your.html

Copyright (c) 2026, Randall J. Seaver

Please comment on this post on the website by clicking the URL above and then the "Comments" link at the bottom of each post.  Share it on Twitter, Facebook, or Pinterest using the icons below.  Or contact me by email at randy.seaver@gmail.com. Note that all comments are moderated, and may not appear immediately.

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ABC Biography of the John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill Family of New Hampshire (1745-1816)

Using the ABC method described in Using Artificial Intelligence In the Ancestor Biography Creation (ABC) Process -- Updated, enhanced by further developments, here is another ancestor couple biography using the Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6 AI tool.

1) The genealogical sketch for the family of my 5th great-grandparents John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill, including family members, record abstracts and sources, is in Genealogical Sketch of the John Underhill (1745-1816) and Hannah Colby (1750-1793) Family of Chester and Plainfield, New Hampshire.

(AI NotebookLM Infographic - John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill Family Biography)

2) For the Claude AI biography, I attached a PDF of the genealogical sketch for the specific ancestors using the plus (+) icon, and then prompted the AI tool with:  "You are an expert genealogist and family historian. Please create a biography based on information in the attached file for the John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill family. Include parents, siblings, spouses and children (with birth and death dates and places). Summarize life events, add historical events as appropriate, but do not add or embellish any extra genealogical details. Use section headings. Expand the information in each section to add more details. The tone should be engaging and suitable for family members."

3)  The Anthropic Claude Sonnet 4.6 biography (lightly edited for accuracy) is: 

The Underhill Family of Chester and Plainfield

New Hampshire, 1745–1875

A Family Biography

Introduction

Among the earliest families to shape the rugged hill towns of New Hampshire, the Underhills of Chester left a legacy woven into the very fabric of colonial and Revolutionary-era New England. This biography follows the life of Sergeant John Underhill (1745–1816), who served in the Revolutionary War, and his wife Hannah Colby (1750–1791) — a couple whose story spans the final decades of colonial rule, the turbulence of the American Revolution, and the hopeful expansion of a new nation.

From the rocky farmland of Chester, Rockingham County, to the hills of Plainfield on the Connecticut River, their lives touched some of the most dramatic events of their age. John bore a musket at the Battle of Bennington; Hannah raised six children on a family homestead; and together they built a family whose descendants spread across New England and beyond.

John Underhill (1745–1816)

Birth and Early Life

John Underhill was born on 20 June 1745 in Chester, Rockingham County, New Hampshire Colony — a time when the settlements of New Hampshire were still finding their footing on the edge of the British colonial frontier. He was the third child and second son of John Underhill (1720–1793) and Joanna Healey (1718–1809), who had married in Chester in 1741 and would go on to raise a family of ten children in that close-knit community.

Chester in the mid-eighteenth century was a thriving Scots-Irish Protestant settlement founded in 1719. Its residents were independent-minded farmers and craftsmen who prized self-sufficiency and community loyalty — values that would later lead many of them, including John, to take up arms for American independence.

John grew up in a large and lively household alongside nine siblings, several of whom remained in the Chester area throughout their lives:

• Betty Underhill (born 13 July 1742, Chester) — married Samuel Buswell in Candia on 12 July 1764; died 30 September 1806 in Candia.
• William Underhill (born 15 February 1744, Chester) — married Abigail Choate about 1767 in Candia; died 24 November 1780 in Moultonborough.
• Molly Underhill (born 4 December 1747, Chester) — married James Pierce in Chester in 1765; died 1835.
• Moses Underhill (born 2 February 1749, Chester) — married three times; died 8 February 1838 in Chester.
• David Underhill (born 9 September 1751, Chester) — married Jemima Blake in Chester on 20 September 1792; died 28 July 1827 in Chester.
• Samuel Underhill (born 5 May 1753, Chester) — married Sarah Underhill in Chester on 12 December 1775; died 20 September 1828 in Chester.
• Jeremiah Underhill (born 6 August 1755, Chester) — married Anna Heath in Hampstead in September 1775; died 16 September 1794 in Chester.
• Sarah Underhill (born 20 May 1759, Chester) — married Moses Greenough in Chester on 10 December 1789; died 7 September 1838 in Atkinson.
• Joanna Underhill (born about 1764, Chester) — married Moses Preston in Chester on 30 November 1784.

Hannah Colby (1744/5–1791)

Birth and Early Life

Hannah Colby was born on 14 February 1744/5 in Amesbury, Essex County, Massachusetts Bay Colony — the dual dating reflecting the old-style Julian calendar still in use at the time of her birth. She was the fourth of five children born to Joseph Colby (1707–1768) and Abigail Worthen (1714–date unknown), who had married in Amesbury in 1736.

Amesbury in the 1740s was a prosperous Massachusetts town on the Merrimack River, well known for its mills and craftsmen. Hannah grew up there alongside her siblings before the family made the significant decision to relocate northward to Chester, New Hampshire Colony, sometime before 1760 — likely drawn by the promise of inexpensive land and opportunity on the frontier.

Hannah's parents, Joseph and Abigail (Worthen) Colby, had the following children:

• Ephraim Colby (born 6 March 1736/7, Amesbury) — died in infancy in 1737.
• Joseph Colby (born 3 April 1739, Amesbury) — married Molly [surname unknown] before 1776 in Concord, New Hampshire; died 1839 in Concord — a remarkable life spanning over a century.
• Abigail Colby (born 24 September 1742, Amesbury).
• Hannah Colby (born 14 February 1744/5, Amesbury) — the subject of this biography.
• Ephraim Colby (born 24 March 1750, Amesbury).

Marriage and Family Life

The Wedding and the Homestead

John Underhill and Hannah Colby married in about 1767 in Chester, Rockingham County, New Hampshire Colony. Their union brought together two well-established Chester families — the Underhills, long rooted in that community, and the Colbys, relative newcomers from Amesbury who had quickly become part of the local fabric.

The Underhill Genealogy, compiled by Josephine C. Frost, describes their home as being "near the brick school house on the opposite side of the road a little to the southwest" — a vivid detail that places the family at the heart of Chester's community life, adjacent to the very institution where the next generation would be educated.

On 2 March 1774, John and Hannah made a significant financial and emotional investment in their future: they purchased the 60-acre homestead of Hannah's late father, Joseph Colby, from her brother Joseph for £165. The property, known as Lot No. 40, sat along the Long Meadow road near the old brick school house. It was the land on which Hannah had likely grown to womanhood, and it would now become the family's base for decades to come.

Children of John Underhill and Hannah Colby

Between 1770 and 1779, John and Hannah welcomed six children into their Chester home, all born in the town where their story began:

• Joseph Underhill (born 1770, Chester) — married Mollie Carr about 1798 in Cabot, Washington County, Vermont; they had five children; died 3 September 1843 in Marshfield, Washington County, Vermont.

• Amos Underhill (born 15 April 1772, Chester) — married Mary Metcalf on 25 March 1801 in Piermont, Grafton County, New Hampshire; they had five children; died 15 October 1865 in Aurora, Erie County, New York — a long life of 93 years.

• Nancy Underhill (born 1774, Chester), no further record.

• John Underhill (born 1776, Chester) — married Mary Esther Mitchell in 1798 in Grafton, Grafton County, New Hampshire; they had three children; died 1858 in Grafton.

• Susan Underhill (born 1778, Chester), no further record.

• Jonathan Underhill (born 9 August 1779, Chester) — married Sophia Slack on 5 March 1805 in Plainfield, Sullivan County, New Hampshire; they had four children; died 31 October 1875 in Washington, Orange County, Vermont — reaching the remarkable age of 96.

This was a household of considerable energy and responsibility — six children known by name, with the eldest born just as the American colonies were lurching toward revolution. The years of the children's births, 1770 to 1779, span exactly the period of America's founding, meaning the Underhill children grew up in the shadow of the Revolutionary War and the birth of the new republic.

John Underhill and the Revolutionary War

Service at the Battle of Bennington, 1777

John Underhill's most notable contribution to the American cause came in the summer of 1777, one of the most consequential years of the Revolutionary War. On 21 July 1777, John enlisted as a Corporal in Captain Stephen Dearborn's Company, part of Colonel Thomas Stickney's regiment under the command of General John Stark. The company marched west from Chester to join the Northern Continental Army.

The campaign that followed led John directly to the Battle of Bennington, fought on 16 August 1777 in present-day New York near the Vermont border. This pivotal engagement saw General Stark's forces decisively defeat a Hessian detachment sent by British General John Burgoyne to seize supplies at Bennington, Vermont. The victory — a stunning success for the American militia — weakened Burgoyne's army and helped set the stage for the crucial American victory at Saratoga two months later, which brought France into the war as an ally.

It was on this very day, 16 August 1777, that John Underhill was promoted from Corporal to Sergeant — a recognition of his service and leadership during the battle. He was discharged on 28 September 1777, having traveled 192 miles in service to the cause, and was paid £13 14s 8d for his efforts. From that point forward, records consistently refer to him as Sergeant John Underhill.

Service in the Coos Campaign, 1780

John's service did not end at Bennington. When the town of Chester was called upon to raise six men for six months' duty in the remote Coos region of northern New Hampshire, John Underhill was among those who answered. Under the authority of Muster Master John Webster — acting on orders from New Hampshire's Committee of Safety in Exeter — six men were enlisted to serve until the end of December 1780.

The mission required these volunteers to march approximately 100 miles north from Chester to the Haverhill area in the "Cohos" (Coos) region, the frontier edge of New Hampshire that bordered Canada. John was one of the three men entrusted with distributing travel funds to the soldiers — a sign of the trust his community placed in him. The war had long since moved south, but the northern frontier still required vigilant protection.

Later Years and Legacy

Hannah's Death and Its Aftermath

Hannah (Colby) Underhill died on 12 September 1791 in Chester, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, at 46 years of age. Her death must have been deeply felt in the household, which still contained several of the younger children. She had been the heart of the family through the years of the Revolution, through the births of six children, and through the daily labor of running a New Hampshire farm.

After Hannah's death, John continued to live in Chester for a time, spending some period in nearby Candia. The family homestead on Long Meadow road — the 78 acres (expanded from the original 60) — was eventually sold to Mary Brown in 1801 for $600.

The Move to Plainfield

With his Chester homestead sold, John Underhill made a significant move to Plainfield, then in Cheshire County, New Hampshire (later transferred to Sullivan County). On 9 June 1801, he purchased a 57-acre parcel of land in Plainfield from Nathaniel Garland for $700 — a modest but solid investment that would keep him near at least one of his sons.

His son Jonathan also settled in Plainfield, and married Sophia Slack there in March 1805. On 13 March 1806, John formally conveyed the 57-acre Plainfield property to Jonathan for $700, the same price he had paid five years earlier — likely an arrangement that ensured Jonathan and Sophia could maintain the farm while providing John a home in his final years. It is believed that John spent his remaining decade living with his son Jonathan's family.

Death of John Underhill

John Underhill died in 1816 in Plainfield, Sullivan County, New Hampshire, at the age of approximately 70 — a veteran of two stints in the Revolutionary War, a farmer, a father of seven, and a man who had lived through the transformation of his country from British colony to independent republic. According to the History of Old Chester, his death was caused by hypothermia, a stark and sorrowful end for a man who had survived battlefield service and decades of New England winters.

There are no surviving death, burial, or probate records for either John or Hannah in the counties of Rockingham or Sullivan. Their graves, if they still exist, have not been identified in any known cemetery record — a reminder of how easily even remarkable lives can slip from the written record.

The World They Lived In

To appreciate the Underhills fully, it helps to understand the world through which they moved. John was born just five years after King George's War disrupted New England, and spent his youth in the tensions leading to the French and Indian War (1754–1763). By the time he married Hannah in 1767, the Stamp Act had already inflamed colonial opinion against Britain, and the road to revolution was being paved.

When John marched to Bennington in 1777, he was part of a New Hampshire militia tradition of citizen-soldiers — farmers who set down their plows and picked up muskets to defend their communities. General Stark's victory at Bennington remains one of New Hampshire's proudest military achievements; the state motto, "Live Free or Die," derives from Stark's famous toast years after the battle.

The years of Hannah's childrearing, the 1770s and 1780s, coincided precisely with the war and its immediate aftermath — a time of sacrifice, scarcity, and hope. The family's purchase of Joseph Colby's homestead in 1774, just two years before the Declaration of Independence, placed them among those New Englanders who were simultaneously building private futures and a new public nation.

By the time John moved to Plainfield in 1801, Thomas Jefferson had just been elected president, the Louisiana Purchase was two years away, and the United States was still discovering the scale of its own ambitions. John Underhill was a man of the founding generation in every sense — born a colonial subject, transformed into a citizen, and aged into the early republic.

A Family That Spread Across New England

The children of John and Hannah Underhill carried the family outward from Chester in directions that reflect the restless mobility of early American life. Joseph, the eldest, moved to Vermont, settling in the Washington County towns of Cabot and Marshfield. Amos also went west and north — to Piermont in Grafton County, New Hampshire, and eventually to Aurora, New York, where he died in 1865 at the age of 93. John Jr. remained closer to home in Grafton, New Hampshire.

Jonathan, the youngest son, settled in Plainfield alongside his father in his final years, before his own family eventually relocated to Washington, Orange County, Vermont, where Jonathan lived until his death on 31 October 1875 — 96 remarkable years that carried him from the American Revolution to the end of the Civil War. The daughters Nancy and Susan remain less documented in available records, as was sadly common for women of their era.

Together, the children of John and Hannah Underhill produced at least seventeen known grandchildren across Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York — a family that grew with the young nation itself.

A Note on Sources

This biography draws upon several primary and secondary sources, including:

• New Hampshire Birth Records, 1659–1900 (Ancestry.com and FamilySearch)
• Josephine C. Frost, Underhill Genealogy, Volume 4 (Myron C. Taylor, 1932)
• Town of Amesbury, Massachusetts, Vital Records to the End of the Year 1849 (Topsfield Historical Society, 1913)
• Benjamin Chase, History of Old Chester From 1719 to 1869 (Auburn, N.H., 1869)
• New Hampshire Revolutionary War Records, 1675–1835 (FamilySearch and Ancestry.com)
• Cheshire County, New Hampshire Deed Records, 1801–1814 (FamilySearch)

Prepared from genealogical records of the Underhill and Colby families of Chester and Plainfield, New Hampshire.

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4) An Audio Overview (essentially a podcast) created by the Google NotebookLM AI tool) describing and celebrating the lives of the John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill family can be heard here (click on "Audio Overview" and wait for it to load).

5)  The Video Overview discussing the John and Hannah (Colby) Underhill family created by the Google NotebookLM AI tool is:  

6)  The Slide Deck produced by Google NotebookLM was incorporated into a Google Slides file, and the created Google Vids presentation is below:  

7)  I edited the Claude biography text to correct minor inconsistencies and errors. Every large language model (LLM) AI tool writes descriptive text much better than I can write. I was an aerospace engineer in my former life, and my research reports and genealogical sketches reflect "just the facts gleaned from my research." The AI tools are very perceptive, insightful and create readable text in seconds, including local and national historical events and social history detail when requested.

==============================================

Links to my blog posts about using Artificial Intelligence are on my Randy's AI and Genealogy page. Links to AI information and articles about Artificial Intelligence in Genealogy by other genealogists are on my AI and Genealogy Compendium page.

The URL for this post is:  https://www.geneamusings.com/2026/05/abc-biography-of-john-and-hannah-colby.html

Copyright (c) 2026, Randall J. Seaver

Please comment on this post on the website by clicking the URL above and then the "Comments" link at the bottom of each post.  Share it on X, Facebook, or Pinterest using the icons below.  Or contact me by email at randy.seaver@gmail.com. Note that all comments are moderated, and may not appear immediately.

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Added and Updated FamilySearch Record Collections - Week of 25 April to 1 May 2026

 Each week, I try to keep track of the number of Full-Text Search collections (indexed, searchable) and the Images collections (browsable but not searchable) -- see Sections 1) and 2) below. In addition, I list the genealogy historical record collections (often name-indexed) that are added, removed, and/or updated on FamilySearch and listed on the Historical Record Collection list  --  See Section 3.

1)  As of 1 May 2026, there are now 6,665 searchable and full-text transcribed image collections on FamilySearch Full-Text Search this week, an increase of 4 from last week. There are over   1.95 BILLION "results" in the collections.  It is not possible to see which collections are new.

 

 2)  As of 1 May 2026, there are now 24,667 browsable (some indexed, none transcribed) image collections on FamilySearch Images this week, an increase of 6 from last week. There are over 6.005 BILLION images in these collections.  There are 2,101 collections from the United States, 6,895 from Europe and 221 from Canada.  It is not possible to see which collections are new.  

3)  As of 1 May 2026, there are 3,433 Historical Record Collections (many indexed, browsable) on FamilySearch (an increase of 3 from last week) on the Signed In screen.

The Deleted, Added and Updated Historical Record Collections this week include:

--- Collections Deleted ---

--- Collections Added ---

*  Italy, Ancona, Census, 1812-1866 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000432); 39,742 indexed records with 21,360 record images, ADDED 06-Apr-2026

*  Italy, Terni, Ferentillo, Civil Registration (Comune), 1861-1900 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000263); 2,096 indexed records with 899 record images, ADDED 29-Apr-2026

*  United Kingdom, UK Residence Database, 1990-2024 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000534); 68,064,068 indexed records with 67,990,671 record images, ADDED 15-Apr-2026

--- Collections Updated ---

Alabama, Jefferson County Circuit Court Papers, 1870-1916 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1548510); 97,321 indexed records with 283,698 record images (was 97,193 records with 283,698 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Belgium, Antwerp, Civil Registration, 1588-1953 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2138481); 2,781,927 indexed records with 3,208,709 record images (was 2,775,031 records with 3,208,709 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
Belgium, Brabant, Civil Registration, 1582-1950 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1482191); 1,023,600 indexed records with 6,411,594 record images (was 1,023,310 records with 6,411,594 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
Belgium, East Flanders, Civil Registration, 1541-1950 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2138513); 1,015,324 indexed records with 2,944,655 record images (was 1,015,256 records with 2,944,655 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
California, County Birth and Death Records, 1800-1994 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2001287); 6,431,812 indexed records with 2,841,076 record images (was 6,523,413 records with 2,841,076 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026

Canada, Nova Scotia, Church Records, 1720-2001 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1925428); 204,328 indexed records with 16,188 record images (was 215,746 records with 16,188 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Cook Islands, Public Records, 1846-2022 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2731435); 78,058 indexed records with 96,455 record images (was 78,047 records with 96,455 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
England, Cumbria, Parish Registers, 1538-1990 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3154704); 1,072,084 indexed records with 60,360 record images (was 1,071,532 records with 59,994 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
England, Shropshire, Parish Registers, 1538-1922 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3155854); 884,806 indexed records with 62,913 record images (was 883,907 records with 62,897 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Honduras, Civil Registration, 1841-1968 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2135627); 12,424,489 indexed records with 337,976 record images (was 12,424,283 records with 337,976 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026

Italy, Ancona, Ancona, Civil Registration (Tribunale), 1862-1929 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2046896); 742,051 indexed records with 2,361,451 record images (was 742,051 records with 2,361,451 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Italy, Bergamo, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1866-1903 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1986789); 658,071 indexed records with 2,514,754 record images (was 658,071 records with 2,514,754 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, Bologna, Bologna, Civil Registration (Tribunale), 1866-1943 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1947797); 891,877 indexed records with 5,914,917 record images (was 891,880 records with 5,914,917 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Italy, Campobasso, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1809-1918 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1968528); 371,139 indexed records with 2,171,605 record images (was 140,555 records with 2,171,605 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, Catania, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1820-1900 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2821289); Browse 2,852,068 Images only, no index (was 0 records with 2,852,068 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026

Italy, Catanzaro, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1809-1865 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1937913); 753,725 indexed records with 436,534 record images (was 753,725 records with 436,534 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Italy, Cuneo, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1795-1915 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1392991); Browse 267,978 Images only, no index (was 0 records with 267,978 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, Genova, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1796-1812, 1838-1859, 1866-1899 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1928859); 249,878 indexed records with 445,302 record images (was 249,878 records with 445,302 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, La Spezia, Catholic Church Records, 1838-1857 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2477523); Browse 66,288 Images only, no index (was 0 records with 66,288 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, La Spezia, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1780-1865 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2477527); 17 indexed records with 3,588 record images (was 17 records with 3,588 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026

Italy, Lecce, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1901-1941 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2310702); 20,203 indexed records with 3,307,040 record images (was 0 records with 3,307,040 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
Italy, Messina, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1820-1865 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1935770); 940,311 indexed records with 1,076,443 record images (was 842,818 records with 1,076,443 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Italy, Modena, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1806-1942 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1968527); 601,917 indexed records with 2,114,742 record images (was 499,297 records with 2,114,742 images), UPDATED 30-Apr-2026
Italy, Oristano, Oristano, Civil Registration (Tribunale), 1866-1941 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1947719); 603,543 indexed records with 342,194 record images (was 603,549 records with 342,194 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Italy, Piacenza, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1662-1930 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4117582); 14,431 indexed records with 641,969 record images (was 14,431 records with 641,969 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026

Italy, Terni, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1513-1900 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3335348); 249,328 indexed records with 87,821 record images (was 227,101 records with 89,735 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
Montana, Military Records, 1898-1919 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3010075); 49,445 indexed records with 50,189 record images (was 49,436 records with 50,189 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Northern Ireland, Tithe Applotment Books, 1822-1840 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2729531); 397,947 indexed records with 164,370 record images (was 397,856 records with 164,318 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
Oregon, Multnomah County, Poor Farm Admissions Records, 1900-1962 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2759503); 18,084 indexed records with 4,522 record images (was 18,060 records with 4,516 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
Pennsylvania, Cambria County, Naturalization Records, 1835-1978 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000282); 35,413 indexed records with 66,872 record images (was 35,406 records with 66,863 images), UPDATED 26-Apr-2026

Portugal, Santarém, Catholic Church Records, 1544-1952 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2128189); 1,475,144 indexed records with 647,938 record images (was 1,476,627 records with 647,938 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
Sierra Leone, Civil Births and Deaths, 1802-2017 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3245338); 1,099,537 indexed records with 829,879 record images (was 1,099,411 records with 840,687 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1931 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2727134); 267,277 indexed records with 265,225 record images (was 267,269 records with 265,207 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
South Africa, Transvaal, Probate Records from the Master of the Supreme Court, 1869-1961 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2520237); 1,870,732 indexed records with 1,516,203 record images (was 1,870,522 records with 1,516,203 images), UPDATED 24-Apr-2026
United States Virgin Islands, Census Records, 1841-1911 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4109619); 363,365 indexed records with 28,297 record images (was 363,365 records with 28,297 images), UPDATED 27-Apr-2026

United States, Census, 1920 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1488411); 107,608,209 indexed records with 2,387,416 record images (was 107,608,212 records with 2,387,416 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
United States, Census, 1930 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1810731); 125,136,362 indexed records with 2,957,015 record images (was 125,136,376 records with 2,957,015 images), UPDATED 28-Apr-2026
United States, Census, 1940 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2000219); 134,774,669 indexed records with 3,841,151 record images (was 134,774,682 records with 3,841,151 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
United States, GenealogyBank Obituaries, Births, and Marriages, 1980-2015 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2333694); 28,662,178 indexed records with 46,919,022 record images (was 28,662,179 records with 46,919,022 images), UPDATED 29-Apr-2026
United States, New England Seamen's Identification Cards, 1918-1940 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2191222); 62,681 indexed records with 104,825 record images (was 62,678 records with 104,825 images), UPDATED 26-Apr-2026

--- Collections with new images ---

Alabama, Births and Christenings, 1881-1930 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1661470); 158,893 indexed records with 157,078 record images (was 158,893 records with 156,842 images), last updated 07-Apr-2026
Argentina, Buenos Aires, Civil Registration, 1861-2018 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000041); 1 indexed records with 111,705 record images (was 1 records with 111,703 images), last updated 07-Jun-2024
Argentina, Military Records, 1911-1936 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000280); 2,929,239 indexed records with 2,929,259 record images (was 2,929,239 records with 2,929,258 images), last updated 03-Apr-2026
Australia, Births and Baptisms, 1792-1981 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1770729); 457,578 indexed records with 526,435 record images (was 457,578 records with 526,433 images), last updated 28-May-2025
Australia, Deaths and Burials, 1816-1980 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1770857); 103,977 indexed records with 108,863 record images (was 103,977 records with 108,862 images), last updated 19-Mar-2025

Brazil, Maranhão, Civil Registration, 1827-2022 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4469402); 1 indexed records with 906,155 record images (was 1 records with 906,146 images), last updated 07-Jun-2024
Brazil, Sergipe, Civil Registration, 1866-2021 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4470324); 1 indexed records with 268,944 record images (was 1 records with 268,942 images), last updated 07-Jun-2024
Canadian Headstones (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2290953); 2,546,441 indexed records with 2,546,441 record images (was 2,546,441 records with 2,545,018 images), last updated 21-May-2019
Colombia, Migration Records, 1885-2014 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000159); 6,739,469 indexed records with 6,507,487 record images (was 6,739,469 records with 6,507,103 images), last updated 19-Mar-2026
England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1473014); 39,148,902 indexed records with 14,811 record images (was 39,148,902 records with 11,128 images), last updated 31-Jan-2026

England, Deaths and Burials, 1538-1991 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1473016); 13,095,153 indexed records with 406 record images (was 13,095,153 records with 218 images), last updated 31-Jan-2026
France, Calvados, Military Registration Cards, 1867-1921 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2815120); 144,114 indexed records with 126,822 record images (was 144,114 records with 126,811 images), last updated 20-Feb-2026
Germany, Baden, Archdiocese of Freiburg im Breisgau, Catholic Church Records, 1463-1931 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2790181); 11,306,368 indexed records with 1,709,697 record images (was 11,306,368 records with 1,709,621 images), last updated 05-Feb-2026
Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, Halberstadt, Civil Registration, 1874-1982 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2212665); 180,177 indexed records with 179,075 record images (was 180,177 records with 178,997 images), last updated 15-Apr-2026
Hawaii, Births and Baptisms, 1843-1925 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2390841); 73,643 indexed records with 21,448 record images (was 73,643 records with 21,410 images), last updated 18-Feb-2026

Italy, Napoli, Qualiano, Civil Registration (Comune), 1836-1909 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2046904); 2,605 indexed records with 1,883 record images (was 2,605 records with 1,846 images), last updated 01-Apr-2026
Philippines, Catholic Church Records, 1520-2014 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2861657); 12,300,078 indexed records with 3,050,822 record images (was 12,300,078 records with 3,050,634 images), last updated 11-Mar-2026
Philippines, Eastern Visayas, Church Records, 1716-2014 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000329); 737,166 indexed records with 423,658 record images (was 737,166 records with 415,304 images), last updated 11-Mar-2026
South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Death, 1869-1954 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2998108); 960,655 indexed records with 1,081,693 record images (was 960,655 records with 1,081,282 images), last updated 29-Jan-2026
Spain, Madrid, Municipal Census Records, 1910-1945 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000004); 1,749,267 indexed records with 687,683 record images (was 1,749,267 records with 687,359 images), last updated 08-May-2025

Texas, Military Discharge Records, 1916-1990 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3734716); 43,059 indexed records with 18,749 record images (was 43,059 records with 18,715 images), last updated 07-Apr-2026
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church Census Records (Worldwide), 1914-1960 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3438701); 3,267,429 indexed records with 2,312,562 record images (was 3,267,429 records with 2,304,594 images), last updated 09-Dec-2025
United States, Census, 1950 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4464515); 157,892,854 indexed records with 52,743,050 record images (was 157,892,854 records with 52,742,479 images), last updated 16-Jun-2024
West Virginia, Marriages, 1780-1970 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1408729); 1,470,588 indexed records with 36,017 record images (was 1,470,588 records with 36,015 images), last updated 07-Apr-2026

--- Collections with images removed ---

Arizona, Various County Divorce Records, 1877-1937 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3734469); 64,104 indexed records with 61,503 record images (was 64,104 records with 63,966 images), last updated 27-Feb-2026
England, Hampshire, Parish Registers, 1538-1980 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2556014); 1,726,898 indexed records with 134,446 record images (was 1,726,898 records with 140,183 images), last updated 17-Apr-2026
Finland, Tax Lists, 1809-1915 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2704794); 1,339,320 indexed records with 19,026 record images (was 1,349,867 records with 19,736 images), last updated 24-Apr-2026
Germany, Prussia, Saxony, Census Lists, 1585-1935 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2780641); 991,875 indexed records with 48,956 record images (was 991,875 records with 50,674 images), last updated 05-Feb-2026
Germany, Württemberg, Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart, Catholic Church Records, 1520-1975 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3499252); 7,153,108 indexed records with 888,534 record images (was 7,153,108 records with 894,947 images), last updated 05-Feb-2026

Italy, Brindisi, Civil Registration (State Archive), 1809-1955 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2328379); 228,127 indexed records with 827,146 record images (was 228,127 records with 827,148 images), last updated 24-Apr-2026
Italy, Vercelli, Archdiocese of Vercelli, Catholic Church Records, 1839-1899 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000274); 333,854 indexed records with 149,199 record images (was 333,854 records with 149,478 images), last updated 01-Apr-2026
Luxembourg, Church and Civil Registration, 1601-1923 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/5000012); 3,005,872 indexed records with 1,121,891 record images (was 3,005,872 records with 1,137,384 images), last updated 01-Feb-2026
Massachusetts Marriages, 1695-1910, 1921-1924 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1675351); 128,729 indexed records with 1,205 record images (was 128,729 records with 1,716 images), last updated 06-Feb-2026
Poland, Church Books, 1568-1990 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4135958); 5,145,060 indexed records with 1,150,410 record images (was 5,145,060 records with 1,151,120 images), last updated 02-Feb-2026

Portugal, Aveiro, Civil Registration, 1911-1915 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2796823); 8,010 indexed records with 6,611 record images (was 8,010 records with 6,782 images), last updated 15-Apr-2026
West Virginia, Military Discharge Records, 1866-1990 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4166146); 67,103 indexed records with 19,903 record images (was 67,103 records with 19,937 images), last updated 14-Apr-2026

--- Collections with new records ---

--- Collections with records removed ---

Belgium, West Flanders, Civil Registration, 1582-1950 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2139860); 596,932 indexed records with 2,612,466 record images (was 596,937 records with 2,612,466 images), last updated 24-Apr-2026
California, Birth Index, 1905-1995 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2001879); Index only (24,589,390 records), no images (was 24,589,391 records with 0 images), last updated 01-Mar-2012
England and Wales, Birth Registration Index, 1837-2008 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2285338); Index only (132,174,233 records), no images (was 132,174,236 records with 0 images), last updated 02-Oct-2014
Fiji, Passports, 1915-1991 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/3743978); 248,253 indexed records with 246,862 record images (was 248,254 records with 246,862 images), last updated 15-Jun-2024
Kentucky, Vital Record Indexes, 1911-1999 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2531527); Index only (9,865,927 records), no images (was 9,865,928 records with 0 images), last updated 15-Jul-2015

New Jersey, Death Index, 1901-1903; 1916-1929 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2843410); 752,125 indexed records with 5,555 record images (was 752,128 records with 5,555 images), last updated 22-Oct-2024
New Jersey, Reclaim the Records, Geographic Birth Index, 1901-1929 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/4461588); 1,903,321 indexed records with 30,989 record images (was 1,903,322 records with 30,989 images), last updated 12-Jun-2025
New York, New York City Marriage Licenses Index, 1950-1995 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2727138); Index only (3,124,555 records), no images (was 3,124,556 records with 0 images), last updated 19-Jun-2017
North Carolina, County Marriages, 1762-2011 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1726957); 7,908,591 indexed records with 1,509,652 record images (was 7,908,592 records with 1,509,652 images), last updated 07-May-2025
United States, GenealogyBank Historical Newspaper Obituaries, 1815-2013 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2860782); 31,807,550 indexed records with 4,918,255 record images (was 31,807,561 records with 4,918,255 images), last updated 13-May-2025

United States, Public Records, 1970-2009 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2199956); Index only (875,600,627 records), no images (was 875,600,635 records with 0 images), last updated 23-Dec-2025
United States, Social Security Death Index (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1202535); Index only (93,945,890 records), no images (was 93,945,903 records with 0 images), last updated 17-Mar-2014
United States, World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1861144); 12,074,279 indexed records with 19,317,962 record images (was 12,074,280 records with 19,317,962 images), last updated 06-Feb-2026
Washington Marriage Index, 1969-2014 (https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2761120); Index only (1,994,523 records), no images (was 1,994,525 records with 0 images), last updated 25-Aug-2017

===================================

My friend and SDGS colleague, Marshall, has come up with a way to determine which collections are ADDED, DELETED or UPDATED, and to alphabetize the entries in each category. Thanks to Marshall for helping me out here!

Marshall notes that there are:

• 3,433 Historical Record Collection entries
• 0 removed entries
• 3  added entries 
• 40 updated entries
• 36 entries with more or fewer images 
• 14 entries with more or fewer records

Marshsll's list shows 3,433 Historical Record Collections this week, an increase of 3 collections. The image above shows 3,433 collections, so the Image number is in sync with Marshall's list number.

==========================================

See previous FamilySearch-related blog posts in        https://www.geneamusings.com/search/label/FamilySearch

The URL for this post is:  

Copyright (c) 2026, Randall J. Seaver

Please comment on this post on the website by clicking the URL above and then the "Comments" link at the bottom of each post. Share it on X, Facebook, or Pinterest using the icons below. Or contact me by email at randy.seaver@gmail.com.  Note that all comments are moderated, so they may not be posted immediately.

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Added and Updated Ancestry.com Record Collections - Week of 25 April to 1 May 2026

  The following genealogy record collections were added to the Ancestry.com Card Catalog page by "Date Updated" during the period from 25 April to 1 May 2026.

The ADDED and Updated collections include:

• U.S., Newspapers.com™ Birth Index, 1800s-2003; 151,248,838 indexed records without record images, Updated 5/1/2026. This Newspapers.com™ index contains newspaper birth announcements published in the United States from the early 1800s until the year 2003.
• UK and Ireland, Newspapers.com™ Birth Index, 1800s-current; 5,996,311 indexed records without record images, ADDED 4/30/2026. This collection contains an index of newspaper birth announcements from Newspapers.com™ published in the United Kingdom and Ireland from the early 1800s to the 2020s. 
• Australia and New Zealand, Newspapers.com™ Birth Index, 1800s-Present; 1,960,399 indexed records without record images, ADDED 4/30/2026. This collection contains an index of newspaper birth announcements from Newspapers.com™ published in Australia and New Zealand from the early 1800s to 2003.
• Canada, Newspapers.com™ Birth Index, 1800s-current; 4,366,392 indexed records without record images, ADDED  4/30/2026. This collection contains an index of newspaper birth announcements from Newspapers.com™ published in Canada from the early 1800s to present day. 
• Web: Manitoba, Canada, Birth Index, 1870-1925; 860,034 indexed records without record images, Updated  4/30/2026. All data in this third-party database was obtained from the source’s website. Ancestry.com does not support or make corrections or changes to the original database. 
• Canada, Newspapers.com™ Stories and Events Index, 1800's to current; 1,244,715,520 indexed records without record images, Updated  4/29/2026. This index allows you to search for your ancestor by name in Canadian newspapers that are available on Newspapers.com™ from the 1800s to the present.
• Bronx and Queens, New York, U.S., Naturalizations, 1914-1952; 111,928 indexed records with record images, ADDED 4/29/2026. This collection contains naturalization records filed in the Bronx and Queens, New York, from 1914 to 1952. The records include certificates of arrival, declarations of intent, petitions, etc.
• Ireland, 1926 Census of the Irish Free State; 2,972,451 indexed records without record images, ADDED 4/28/2026. This collection contains an index of information taken from the 1926 Census of the Irish Free State. The index includes a link that connects to images of the original census pages on the National Archives of Ireland website. 
• Wiltshire, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812; 3,708,724 indexed records with record images, Updated  4/28/2026. This collection contains images of Church of England baptism, marriage, and burial records for the years 1538–1812 from the county of Wiltshire, England.
• Ireland, Griffith’s Valuation, 1849-1865; 1,347,783 indexed records with record images, Updated 4/28/2026. This database, an index to one of Ireland's premier genealogical resources, Griffith's Valuation, references approximately one million individuals who occupied property in Ireland between 1849 and 1865.
• Arkansas, U.S., Birth Certificates, 1914-1925; 2,694,473 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This collection contains birth certificates from the state of Arkansas that took place between the years of 1914 and 1925.
• Virginia, U.S., Birth Records, 1912-2015, Delayed Birth Records, 1721-1924; 9,576,337 indexed records with record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index of birth details extracted from Virginia birth records for the years 1864-2015 as well as images of birth records for the years 1864–1924.
• Germany, Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current; 4,628,215 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Germany. The records are dated between the 1600s and the present.
• Norway, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 267,319 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Norway. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• Web: England, Bedfordshire Gaol Index, 1770-1901; 52,421 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. All data in this third-party database was obtained from the source’s website. Ancestry.com does not support or make corrections or changes to the original database. 
• Australia and New Zealand, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 12,695,556 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Australia and New Zealand. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current; 25,234,886 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The records are dated between the 1300s and the present.
• Brazil, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 318,263 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Brazil. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• Mexico, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 99,809 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Mexico. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• Sweden, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 1,172,689 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Sweden. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• Italy, Find a Grave® Index, 1800s-Current; 483,172 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Italy. The records are dated between the 1800s and the present. 
• Canada, Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current; 12,203,272 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from Canada. The records are dated between the 1600s and the present. 
• U.S., Find a Grave® Index, 1600s-Current; 185,975,230 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® from the United States. The records are dated between the 1600s and the present. 
• Global, Find a Grave® Index for Burials at Sea and other Select Burial Locations, 1300s-Current; 24,438,445 indexed records without record images, Updated 4/27/2026. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave® for burials at sea and other select burial locations. 
• Washington, District of Columbia, U.S., Land Transfer Books, 1900-1962; 2,281,604 indexed records with record images, ADDED 4/27/2026. This collection contains records of land transfers made in the District of Columbia between 1902 and 1964.
• Lancashire, England, Non-Conformist Registers of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1785-1997; 447,404 indexed records with record images, Updated 4/24/2026. This collection includes registers of baptisms, marriages, and burials between 1785 and 1997 from non-conformist churches in Lancashire, England.
• Teesside, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1550-1812;  169,527 indexed records with record images, Updated 4/24/2026. This collection includes Church of England parish registers of baptisms, marriages, and burials between 1550 and 1812 from the historical county of Teesside, England.

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The complete Ancestry.com Card Catalog is at https://search.ancestry.com/search/CardCatalog.aspx.

By my count, there are 6 NEW record collections ADDED this past week, per the list above. There are now 33,925 collections available as of 1 May, an INCREASE of 6 from last week.

==============================================

Disclosure: I pay for an All-Access subscription from Ancestry.com. In past years, Ancestry.com provided a complimentary All Access subscription, an autosomal DNA test, material considerations for travel expenses to meetings, and hosted events and meals that I attended in Salt Lake City.

The URL for this post is:  https://www.geneamusings.com/2026/05/added-and-updated-ancestrycom-record.html

 Copyright (c) 2026, Randall J. Seaver

Please comment on this post on the website by clicking the URL above and then the "Comments" link at the bottom of each post. Share it on Facebook, X, or Pinterest using the icons below. Or contact me by email at randy.seaver@gmail.com. Please note that all Comments are moderated so they may not appear immediately.

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